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Countries and territories located in more than than one continent

A map of transcontinental countries, and countries that control territory in more than one continent.

 Face-to-face transcontinental countries.

 Non-face-to-face transcontinental countries.

 Countries that may be considered transcontinental, depending on the legal condition of their claims or the definition of continental boundaries used.

This is a list of countries with territory that straddles more than 1 continent, known equally transcontinental states or intercontinental states.^[one]

Contiguous transcontinental countries are states that have i continuous or immediately-side by side piece of territory that spans a continental boundary, nearly commonly the line that separates Europe and Asia (such as in the case of Russian federation or Kazakhstan). By contrast, non-face-to-face transcontinental countries are those states that have portions of territory that are separated from one another either past a body of water or by other countries (such as in the case of France). About non-contiguous transcontinental countries are countries with dependent territories similar Denmark with Greenland, but can be countries that have fully integrated former dependent territories in their central states like France with its overseas regions.^[1]

For the purposes of this article, a seven-continent model is assumed based on common terms of reference by English geographers.^[ii] Combined continents like "the Americas" and "Eurasia" are not acknowledged or referenced. The boundary betwixt Europe and Asia is largely conventional (much of information technology over land), and several conventions remained in apply well into the 20th century. However, the now-prevalent convention—which has been in utilize by some cartographers since about 1850—follows the Caucasus northern concatenation, the Ural River and the Ural Mountains, is used for the purposes of this list.^[3] This convention results in several countries finding themselves almost entirely in 'Asia', with a few small enclaves or districts technically in 'Europe'. Yet these anomalies, this list of transcontinental or intercontinental states respects the convention that Europe and Asia are total continents rather than subcontinents or component landmasses of a larger Eurasian continent.

Listed further below, separately, are countries with distant non-contiguous parts (overseas territories) on split up continents.

Definition

The lists within this article include entries that run into the following criteria:

• Transcontinental or intercontinental states are sovereign states that have some portion of their territory geographically divided between at least two continents.^{[ane] [4]}
• Transcontinental states can be classed as either contiguous or non-contiguous transcontinental states.^[5]
  • Contiguous transcontinental states are those countries that have one continuous or immediately adjacent piece of territory that spans a continental boundary. More than specifically, they comprise a portion of their territory on one continent and a portion of their territory on another continent, while having these 2 portions connected via a natural geological state connection (east.thou. Russia) or the ii portions being immediately adjacent to i another (e.g. Turkey).^{[6] [7]}
  • Not-contiguous transcontinental states are those that take portions of territory that are separated from ane some other either by a significant trunk of water or by other land.^{[6] [7]} About non-face-to-face transcontinental countries are countries with overseas territories.^[1]

The boundaries between the continents can be vague and subject to estimation, making it difficult to conclusively define what counts every bit a 'transcontinental state'.

• For the purposes of this commodity, a 7-continent model is assumed.^[2]
  • Therefore, states that take territory beyond sub-continental boundaries, too every bit plate boundaries that are internal to continents, are excluded from this article.
• Some non-face-to-face transcontinental states accept territory situated on distant islands that may or may not be considered a office of another nearby continent (east.g. Yemen'due south Socotra and Portugal's Madeira). Though there is debate^{[ citation needed ]} as to whether these states ought to be considered 'transcontinental', they are still included in this article.
• States that only have uninhabited isle territory as a part of some other continent (e.g., Venezuela's Aves Island) are considered transcontinental for the purpose of this article.^{[ citation needed ]}
• While it is debatable as to whether states that have claimed territory within the Antarctic Treaty System can have actual command of that claimed territory (e.grand., Chilean Antarctic Territory), they are included in this article.
• Some autonomous regions (or dependent territories) may exist constitutionally distinguishable from the parent state that claims them equally their territory (e.thou., in the case of British Overseas Territories and the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland), thereby causing contend as to whether such states ought to exist considered 'transcontinental'.^{[ citation needed ]} They are nevertheless included in this article.
  • Micronations, autonomous regions, and sub-national entities that are in themselves transcontinental are excluded from the lists in this article as a separate entry from their controlling land.
• Any entry must be a UN member state or a function of the United nations System. Therefore, states with limited recognition are excluded from the lists in this article.

Contiguous boundary

Contiguous transcontinental states are those countries that take one continuous or immediately side by side piece of territory that spans a continental boundary. More specifically, they incorporate a portion of their territory on one continent and a portion of their territory on another continent, while having these two portions continued via a natural geological land connection (e.m. Russia) or the two portions being immediately adjacent to 1 some other (e.grand. Turkey).^{[6] [7]}

Africa and Asia

 African land part of Arab republic of egypt

 Asian land role of Egypt

 The rest of Africa

 The rest of Asia

The modern convention for the land boundary betwixt Asia and Africa runs forth the Isthmus of Suez and the Suez Canal in Arab republic of egypt. The border continues through the Gulf of Suez, Red Ocean, and Gulf of Aden. In antiquity, Egypt had been considered part of Asia, with the Catabathmus Magnus escarpment taken as the boundary with Africa (Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya).

• Egypt: Out of the 27 governorates of Egypt, ii prevarication entirely on the Asian Sinai Peninsula and 2 are transcontinental: Ismailia Governorate is nearly as divided by the Suez Canal, and Suez Governorate—which is coterminous with the "transcontinental metropolis" of Suez—has a minor portion east of the Canal.

Former transcontinental country:

• Israel: After the Yom Kippur War of October 1973, Israel briefly became a transcontinental state as it occupied territory on the African side of the Suez Canal, in add-on to the entirety of Sinai. The country was returned in 1975 per the Sinai Interim Agreement.

Asia and Europe

Conventions used for the boundary between Europe and Asia during the 18th and 19th centuries. The blood-red line shows the well-nigh common modern convention, in apply since c.  1850.

 Europe

 Asia

 historically placed in either continent

The conventional Europe-Asia purlieus was subject to considerable variation during the 18th and 19th centuries, indicated anywhere betwixt the Don River and the Caucasus to the due south or the Ural Mountains to the eastward. Since the late-19th century, the Caucasus–Urals boundary has become most universally accustomed. According to this at present-standard convention, the boundary follows the Aegean Body of water, the Turkish Straits, the Blackness Sea, forth the watershed of the Greater Caucasus, the northwestern portion of the Caspian Sea and along the Ural River and Ural Mountains to the Chill Body of water.^{[eight] [9]}

Co-ordinate to this convention, the following states take territory in both Asia and Europe.

• : Azerbaijan is a country located mainly on the Asian portion of the Caucasus; however, its Qusar, Shabran, Siazan, Khachmaz and Quba districts are north of the Greater Caucasus Watershed, and thus geographically in Europe, placing a population of nearly half a million (or ca. 5% of the country's total population) in Europe.
• : Georgia is located mainly on the Asian portion of the Caucasus; even so, the Municipality of Kazbegi, north Khevsureti and Tusheti are located northward of the Greater Caucasus Watershed and this geographically in Europe, placing around 5% of the country's full territory in Europe. Despite its geography Georgia is considered a European country geopolitically^[10] because of its historical, cultural, ethnical, and political ties to the continent.^{[eleven] [12] [13] [14]}
• : Kazakhstan is a country mainly located in Primal Asia,^[15] with a small-scale portion of the country extending west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe.^[16] The country's physical, cultural, ethnic, and geographic characteristics are Primal Asian,^{[16] [17]} with a large European influence and influx of European settlers from Russia from when information technology was a part of the Soviet Union and the earlier Russian Empire. Its West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions extend on either side of the Ural River,^[18] placing a population of less than one million residents (out of a xv million total population) geographically in Europe.
• : Russia, the largest country in the earth, spans well-nigh of northern Eurasia; stretching over a vast area of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Its sparsely populated Asian territory was historically incorporated into the Tsardom of Russian federation in the 17th century by conquests. Russia is considered a European country, every bit it has historical, cultural, ethnical, and political ties to the continent.^[19] The vast majority of its population (80%) lives inside its European portion, making it the most populous European nation. Russia'due south majuscule Moscow is the largest metropolis in Europe.
• : Turkey falls nigh wholly within the in Western Asia (the Asian portion of Turkey composing the Anatolian Peninsula and boosted land) plus a smaller portion of the country in the Balkan Peninsula in Southeastern Europe chosen East Thrace, which covers only iii% of the state's total area, with a population of about 11 one thousand thousand people, or some 14% of the country's population. Turkey's largest city Istanbul spans either side of the Bosphorus, making it a "transcontinental city" in both Europe and Asia,^[20] while the country'south upper-case letter Ankara is located in Asia. The territory of the electric current Turkish state is the cadre territory of the previous Ottoman Empire that was likewise transcontinental in the same geographic region, which itself had also supplanted the earlier, similarly transcontinental Byzantine Empire.

North America and South America

Map of the Darién Gap at the border betwixt Colombia and Panama

The conventional purlieus between Due north America and S America is at some indicate on the Colombia–Panama edge, with the most mutual demarcation in atlases and other sources following the Darién Mountains watershed where the Isthmus of Panama meets the South American continent (see Darién Gap). This area encompasses a large watershed, woods and mountains in the northern portion of Colombia'southward Chocó Section and Panama's Darién Province.

Non-face-to-face

Due north America and Due south America

• Republic of colombia: Near of Colombia, predominantly its mainland, is located in northern Southward America (see North America and South America above) and the Malpelo Island in the Pacific Ocean is as well associated with South America, but the country likewise administers the San Andrés and Providencia archipelago, 640 kilometres (400 mi) WNW of Republic of colombia's Caribbean Coast, in Due north America.
• Venezuela (Aves Island): Most of Venezuela, predominantly its mainland, is located in northern South America. Aves Isle, however, is geographically a definitive part of North America. It is i of the Federal Dependencies of Venezuela which are under the administration of the Ministry of Interior, Justice and Peace.

The special instance of Caribbean area islands adjacent to the South American coastline:

• Trinidad and Tobago: The state of Trinidad and Tobago lies on ii tectonic plates. The southern half of Trinidad lies on the South American Plate while the northern half of Trinidad and the island of Tobago lie on the Caribbean Plate. Nevertheless, these geological features do not necessarily authorize Trinidad and Tobago as a transcontinental state, as the whole territory is frequently labeled geopolitically as part of N America.
• Leeward Antilles (Collectively Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao of holland; Nueva Esparta of Venezuela; and the Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, excluding Aves Isle): The Caribbean area islands division of N America and South America is complicated. Geopolitically, all Caribbean islands in the Due west Indies are often labeled as North American islands, only geologically, the islands of the Leeward Antilles lie on the continental shelf of South America, and can exist considered South American too. Excluding the geographically North American Aves Island, the remaining Venezuelan islands of the Federal Dependencies are islands situated in the Caribbean Sea on the continental shelf of Due south America. These islands are northward of the Venezuelan mainland and are akin to the location of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Trinidad and Tobago. Similarly, the islands of the Land of Nueva Esparta (Margarita Island, Coche Island, and Cubagua) are likewise situated in the Caribbean area Body of water just to the north of the Caribbean coastline of the Venezuelan mainland. Even so, all of the non-Venezuelan islands in this surface area are typically considered North American rather than South American.^[23]

Caribbean area Island locations

North American Caribbean area islands administered by South American states:

Caribbean islands considered North American or Southward American:

North America, Oceania, and Asia

• United states: While the territory of the U.s.a. lies overwhelmingly in North America, it includes the state of Hawaii in Oceania equally well as other Oceanian island possessions and Alaskan islands on Northeast Asia'due south continental shelf.^[24]

Due south America and Oceania

• Chile: Chile is mostly on the Due south American mainland and includes the Oceanian islands of Easter Island and Isla Salas y Gómez Island.^[24] Those and the Juan Fernández Islands and Desventuradas Islands are function of the Valparaíso Region.
• Ecuador: The Pacific Body of water archipelago of the Galápagos Islands, almost 1,000 kilometers from continental Ecuador, is sometimes considered office of Oceania.^{[25] [26] [27] [28] [29]} This is because of the altitude separating them from mainland South America, and their geology. The islands lie on the Nazca Plate with Easter Isle, which is considered to be separate to the South American Plate, and they additionally border the Pacific Plate.^[xxx] The Galápagos Islands did not accept any known human ties to South America during the pre-Columbian era,^{[31] [32]} however, they also do non fit into a cultural subregion of Oceania and the Pacific, equally is the case with Easter Island, which historically was Polynesian.^{[33] [32]}

Europe and North America

• Kingdom of denmark: Equally a constituent function of the Danish Realm, Greenland is a non-sovereign land within the Kingdom of Denmark. Fully located on the North American tectonic plate, and close to the mainland, Greenland is considered to be geographically a function of Northward America,^[34] with the United nations categorizing them every bit such.^[35] Although information technology is politically associated with Europe and internationally represented past a European state (including in the Council of Europe), it is autonomous. Historically and ethnically, its native population is of Northward American tradition, although it also shares cultural links with other native peoples bordering the Arctic Body of water in Northern Europe and Asia (today in Kingdom of norway, Sweden, Republic of finland and Russia), too equally in N America (Alaska in the U.Southward., Northwest Territories, Nunavut and northern parts of Quebec and Labrador in Canada). Greenland was part of Danish territory and within the territory of the European Union, merely voted for more autonomy and is now excluded from the Eu.^[36]

Europe, Due north America, and South America

• Netherlands: Though most of the Kingdom of kingdom of the netherlands' landmass is in Europe, it as well includes half-dozen island territories in the Lesser Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean area Ocean: the Dutch Caribbean. Within the Lesser Antilles archipelago, three territories are in the Leeward Islands grouping (considered part of the continent of North America) and 3 in the Leeward Antilles group (on the Southward American continental shelf). Since the dissolution of the Dutch Antilles in 2010, the sovereign Kingdom of the Netherlands has been administratively divided into four non-sovereign constituent "countries": Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and holland — the terminal of which includes the islands of Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba (collectively known as the BES islands or the Caribbean area Netherlands) equally "special municipalities", making it a not-sovereign transcontinental constituent state inside the Kingdom.

Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, and Antarctica

• France: Metropolitan France is located in Europe, while the 5 overseas departments and regions, five overseas collectivities, and one Sui generis collectivity are located in other continental regions. Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon are located in North America, French Guiana is located in S America, Mayotte and Réunion are located in Africa, and French Polynesia, Wallis and futuna, and New Caledonia are located in Oceania. These 11 populated territories of overseas France are integral parts of French republic, as are the uninhabited Clipperton Island (considered either Due north American or Oceanian)^{[29] [24]} and the uninhabited French Southern and Antarctic Lands, which include the claimed Adélie State on the Antarctic mainland, the Crozet Islands and the Kerguelen Islands in the Antarctic region, Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands on the Australian Plate, and the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean. French sovereignty claim on Adélie Country is in abeyance under the Antarctic Treaty Organisation. France has territory in each continental region except Asia.

Europe, Due north America, Southward America, Oceania, Africa, Asia, and Antarctica

• U.k.: The United kingdom, located in Northwestern Europe, possesses the 'dependent territories' of Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are located in North America. The Falkland Islands are located in Due south America. The Due south Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are associated with South America simply straddle the plate purlieus with and are closer to Antarctica. The Pitcairn Islands are located in Oceania. The islands of Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha are located in Africa. The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia are located in Asia, and the British indian ocean territory is located in the heart of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia (geologically a part of Southern asia, merely geopolitically a part of East Africa).^[35] The British Antarctic Territory is located in Antarctica. The U.k. is the simply state in the earth to possess territories in each continental region.

Africa and Europe

• Italy: Italy has a number of small islands south of Sicily which, geographically can be considered function of the African continent, due to their proximity to Tunisia. The closest land to Pantelleria and the Pelagie Islands (Lampedusa, Linosa and Lampione) is Tunisia on the African mainland. Nevertheless, Pantelleria and Linosa are considered role of Europe, Lampedusa and Lampione office of Africa.^[37]
• Portugal: Continental Portugal is in Europe, while the archipelago of Madeira, an Democratic Region (including Porto Santo Isle, the Desertas Islands and the Roughshod Islands), is associated with Africa.^[38] If the Azores Autonomous Region is considered to exist split every bit two island groups (with the westernmost Flores Island and Corvo Island on the North American tectonic plate existence a distinct group from the rest), Portugal would be a transcontinental state geologically (see Europe and N America to a higher place). Nonetheless, geologic tectonic plate separation does not necessarily define geographical continental stardom.
• Spain: Although its mainland is in Europe, Espana has territory including 2 provinces and two autonomous cities in Africa. Close to v% of Espana's population live on the African continent. Territories include the Canary Islands in the Atlantic,^{[39] [twoscore]} the cities of Ceuta and Melilla on mainland North Africa and its plazas de soberanía, which are shut to those cities that are geographically role of Africa. The Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla are 3 of the 19 autonomous communities and cities that grade Espana, while the plazas de soberanía are under a different status, alike to unincorporated territories. The African Mediterranean island of Alboran belongs to the transcontinental city of Almería and the transcontinental province of Almería.

Asia and Africa

• Yemen: Although mainland Yemen is in the southern Arabian Peninsula and thus function of Asia, and its Hanish Islands, Zubair Group, and Perim in the Cherry-red Sea are associated with Asia, Republic of yemen'due south national territory extends to the archipelago of Socotra, which lies east of the horn of Somalia^[41] and is much closer to Africa than to Asia.^[42]

Asia and Europe

• Greece: The territory of Greece includes a number of islands just off the coast of Asia Pocket-sized, such equally Rhodes, Kos, Samos, Chios, Lesbos, Kastellorizo, Strongyli Megistis, and Ro.

Asia and Oceania

• Australia: The Commonwealth of Australia consists of its namesake continent and island possessions associated with Oceania, Asia, and Antarctica. Its Indian Ocean island possessions of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands are geographically associated with Southeast Asia. The majority of residents on these islands have Asian ancestry; at that place is also a proportion of Australians and New Zealanders on the islands who have European ancestry.^{[43] [44]} The islands accept no proper indigenous population, as they were merely discovered in the 17th century, past Europeans. Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are classified as being in Oceania by the Un. They are nonetheless part of the Australian continental plate, and could potentially be geographically part of Oceania under definitions that include the Malay Archipelago, or which are based on tectonic plates.
• Japan: Japan's Izu islands and Ogasawara Village (consisting of the Ogasawara islands, the Volcano Islands, and three remote islands; Nishinoshima, Minami-Tori-shima and Okinotorishima) are occasionally considered part of Oceania.^{[26] [24] [45] [46]} The islands in Ogasawara village (known collectively equally the Bonin Islands) belong to the Oceanian biogeographic realm, which is singled-out to the balance of Japan. Additionally, they are believed to take one time been inhabited by Ethnic peoples of Oceania around ii,000 years ago, with their official discovery coming much later in the 16th century, through Europeans.^[47] The most remote island, Minami-Tori-shima (also known as Marcus Isle) is 2,000 kilometers removed from Tokyo.
• Indonesia: Indonesia currently controls Western New Guinea, which is culturally associated with Oceania, and geologically a part of the Australian continental landmass.^{[25] [48] [49]}
• Negara brunei darussalam, East timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Singapore: The Malay Archipelago, which lies on the border of Melanesia and Southeast Asia, can be considered a transcontinental region. Many initial 19th century definitions of Oceania included about or all of the Malay Archipelago,^{[fifty] [51] [52] [53]} but this is extremely rare today.^[54] Indonesia (excluding Western New Republic of guinea) and East timor are yet occasionally associated with Oceania, as they are the closest to Commonwealth of australia and Melanesia. The Philippines are the closest to the Oceanian subregion of Federated states of micronesia. Anthropologically, New Guinea is a role of Melanesia, but it is sometimes included in the Malay Archipelago. The state of Papua New Guinea is an observer in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which includes mainland states of Southeast Asia, and has contemplated full membership in this arrangement.^[55] Republic of indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore are all dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, and East timor are an observer. Even so, but countries solely associated with Oceania have total membership, such as Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the fiji islands, New Zealand and Samoa.^[56]

Antarctica and other continents

Sub-antarctic region

• Argentina, Commonwealth of australia, Chile, French republic, New Zealand, Kingdom of norway, Due south Africa, and the United Kingdom: These eight states have overseas island possessions in the Subantarctic region betwixt 46°South and 60°Southward latitude. Subantarctic islands that are northward of 60°S latitude but s of the Antarctic Convergence and that are recognized by international law equally existence full sovereign possessions of an administering state are: Bouvet Island (Norway), Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Australia), the Kerguelen Islands (France), and South Georgia and the Due south Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom). The United Nations categorize Bouvet Island and Due south Georgia and the Southward Sandwich Islands as office of South America, and Heard Island and McDonald Islands as office of Oceania.^[35] S Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is sometimes considered to be geographically within the premises of South America,^{[57] [58]} nonetheless, the other islands are amidst the virtually isolated locations in the globe. Human activity is very limited on Bouvet Isle and Heard Island and McDonald Islands; for example, the McDonald Islands accept only always been visited twice throughout their unabridged recorded history, with the terminal visit being in 1980.^[59]

Antarctic region

• Argentine republic, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom: These seven states claim portions of the Antarctic mainland (some of them overlapping)^{[note ane]}, as well as its associated islands south of 60°S latitude. Some, including Argentina and Chile, consider the Antarctic land they claim to be integral parts of their national territory. However, none of these claims are recognized by the Un and the international community.^{[note 2]} Since 1961, the Antarctic Treaty System has held in cessation all country claims s of 60°South breadth, including Antarctica's ice shelves and Antarctic islands.

Come across also

• Boundaries betwixt the continents of World
• Dependent territory
• Historical powers
• List of countries by continent
• List of one-time transcontinental countries
• Thalassocracy

Notes

1. ^ The Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the Britain overlap to some degree.
2. ^ Commonwealth of australia, France, New Zealand, Kingdom of norway, and the United Kingdom recognize each other'southward Antarctic claims (which do not overlap).^[lx]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Transcontinental Countries Of The World". WorldAtlas. vii May 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-31 .
2. ^ ^{a b} "Continent". NationalGeographic.org. National Geographic. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
3. ^ The question was treated as a "controversy" in British geographical literature until at least the 1860s, with Douglas Freshfield advocating the Caucasus crest purlieus equally the "best possible", citing support from various "modern geographers" (Journey in the Caucasus, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Order, Volumes 13–14, 1869). In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the purlieus between Europe and Asia exist drawn in textbooks from Baydaratskaya Bay, on the Kara Body of water, along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, so the Ural River to the Mugodzhar Hills, the Emba River, and the Kuma–Manych Depression (i.e. passing well due north of the Caucasus); "Do we live in Europe or in Asia?" (in Russian). ; Orlenok 5. (1998). "Physical Geography" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2011-10-16. . Yet, almost Soviet-era geographers connected to favour the boundary along the Caucasus crest. (E. Thousand. Moores, R. W. Fairbridge, Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology, Springer, 1997, ISBN 978-0-412-74040-iv, p. 34: "nearly Soviet geographers took the watershed of the Master Range of the Greater Caucasus as the boundary between Europe and Asia.")
4. ^ "transcontinental". OxfordDictionaries.com . Retrieved v February 2019.
5. ^ "face-to-face". Dictionary.Cambridge.org . Retrieved 5 February 2019.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Misachi, John (25 Apr 2017). "Which Countries Bridge More Than One Continent?". WorldAtlas.com . Retrieved 5 February 2019.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Ramos, Juan (19 March 2018). "What Continent Is Egypt Officially In?". ScienceTrends.com . Retrieved 5 February 2019.
8. ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (9th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 2011. ISBN978-1-4262-0634-4. "Europe" (plate 59); "Asia" (plate 74): "A commonly accepted segmentation between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Bounding main with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
9. ^ World Factbook. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. 22 March 2022.
10. ^ "Country profiles".
11. ^ https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/Kelly%2520and%2520Kramer%2520-%2520Georgia_0.pdf^{[ blank URL PDF ]}
12. ^ "10 things you might not know about Georgia - BBC News". BBC News. 4 July 2013.
13. ^ "EU relations with Georgia - Consilium".
14. ^ "BBC - Religions - Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church building".
15. ^ "Republic of kazakhstan - Local Travel Information and Metropolis Guide".
16. ^ ^{a b} https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=ane&commodity=1520&context=ree^{[ bare URL PDF ]}
17. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Kazakhstan, Retrieved: 8 May 2016
18. ^ Globe Factbook. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. 17 March 2022. Republic of kazakhstan: Geography
19. ^ Pashentsev, Evgeny, ed. (2019). Strategic Advice in EU-Russia Relations: Tensions, Challenges and Opportunities. Springer Nature. ISBN9783030272531 . Retrieved xx March 2022. Russia is culturally part of Europe and this volition still be the case in the future.
20. ^ "Istanbul, Turkey - Image of the Calendar week - World Watching".
21. ^ "Panama Canal | Definition, History, Treaty, Map, Locks, & Facts | Britannica". world wide web.britannica.com.
22. ^ Due north America
23. ^ Southward. Ridgely, Robert; Guy, Tudor (1989). The Birds of South America: Volume 1: The Oscine Passerines. University of Texas Press. p. 14. ISBN9780292707566 . Retrieved 12 March 2022. Finally, a few comments on the area nosotros consider to exist part of "S America" are in order. Essentially we have followed the limits established past Meyer de Schauensee (1970: xii) with a few minor modifications. Thus, all the continental inshore islands are included (e.g., Trinidad and Tobago; various small-scale islands off the northern coast of Venezuela, the Netherlands Antilles [Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao]; and Fernando de Noronha, off the northeastern declension of Brazil), but islands more properly considered role of the West Indies (east.thousand. Grenada) are not. To the south, nosotros have opted to include the Falkland Islands (or Islas Malvinas — in referring to them as the Falklands nosotros are not making any political statement but simply recognizing that this book is being written in the English language linguistic communication), as their avifauna is really very similar to that of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Withal, various other islands farther out in the South Atlantic (e.k., South Georgia) are non included except incidentally (e.g., endemic Due south Georgia Pipit take been incorporated). Also, the Juan Fernández Islands far off the Chilean coast have not been included (except for incidental comments), nor have the Galápagos Islands, situated fifty-fifty further off the Ecuadorian declension.
24. ^ ^{a b c d} "Oceania Armed services Guide". GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 6 Jan 2022.
25. ^ ^{a b} "Oceania Bibliography" (PDF). Helictite: Journal of Australasian Cave Inquiry. 25 (1). 1987. Retrieved 16 March 2022. This paper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the west to Galapagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Isle (Republic of chile) in the east.
26. ^ ^{a b} Todd, Ian (1974). Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. ISBN9780207127618 . Retrieved 2 February 2022. [nosotros] can further define the word culture to mean language. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese office. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either past Japanese or past people who have at present completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they volition not be taken into account in the proposed comparing of the policies of non - Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish linguistic communication civilization groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as divide capacity in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or accept a Spanish - Latin - American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer near exclusively to the English language and French language cultures.
27. ^ Review of the Protected Areas Organization in Oceania (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986. Retrieved 17 January 2022. Easter Island on the due east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in Oceania.
28. ^ Hull, Frank G. (1937). A Check Listing of the Syrphidae of Oceania (PDF). Section of Biology, University of Missouri. Retrieved 17 Jan 2022. Oceania is primarily considered equally the restricted region treated in this paper, just for comparative purposes, in the table only, it is also considered in a broad sense equally including New Republic of guinea, Commonwealth of australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, the Antipodes, and Galapagos.
29. ^ ^{a b} Terry, James P. (1998). Climate and Environmental Change in the Pacific. The University of Michigan. p. 5. ISBN9789820103580 . Retrieved 11 March 2022. The British added the Ellice, Pitcairn and portions of the Phoenix Islands; the Australians consolidated their claims to Papua; and the French consolidated their claims to Clipperton islands; Easter and adjacent islands were claimed past Chile, Cocos Isle was claimed by Costa rica, and the Galapagos claimed past Republic of ecuador. Past 1900 at that place were virtually no remaining islands in Oceania unclaimed by strange powers.
30. ^ Steadman, David Westward. (2006). Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds. University of Chicago Press. p. seven. ISBN9780226771427 . Retrieved four February 2022.
31. ^ Sues, Hans-Diete; MacPhee, Ross D.E (1999). Extinctions in Near Fourth dimension: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences. Springer United states of america. p. 29. ISBN9780306460920 . Retrieved 1 February 2022. The homo colonization of remote Oceania occurred in the belatedly Holocene. Prehistoric man explorers missed merely the Galápagos and a very few out-of-the-way places every bit they surged east out of the Solomons, island-hopping thousands of kilometers through the Polynesian heartland to reach Hawaii to the far north, Easter Island over 7500km to the eastward and, New Zealand to the s
32. ^ ^{a b} Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008). "East of Easter: Traces of human affect in the far-eastern Pacific" (PDF). In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). Islands of Inquiry. ANU Press. pp. 281–300. CiteSeerX10.1.1.593.8988. hdl:1885/38139. ISBN978-1-921313-89-9. JSTOR j.ctt24h8gp.20.
33. ^ Janick, Jules (2010). Horticultural Reviews, Volume 36. Wiley. p. 146. ISBN9780470527221 . Retrieved one February 2022. Oceania is a broadly practical term for the thousands of islands in the Pacific Ocean. They range from extremely small, uninhabited islands, to large ones, including Commonwealth of australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. Oceania is further grouped into three regions, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. In that location a few other Pacific island groups that practice non fit into these groupings, such as Galapagos.
34. ^ Coffey, Luke. "Broadening U.S. Ties With Greenland Is a Smart Motion". The Heritage Foundation.
35. ^ ^{a b c} "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings". United Nations Statistics Partitioning.
36. ^ "Greenland: the merely land to take left the Eu". ABC News. Nov 8, 2016 – via www.abc.internet.au.
37. ^ Hutt, Graham (2010). Due north Africa. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Express. p. 265. ISBN9781846238833.
38. ^ Ryan, Peter (2017). Guide to Seabirds of Southern Africa. Penguin Random Business firm South Africa. ISBN9781775845201 . Retrieved 12 March 2022.
39. ^ Abram, Simone; Macleod, Don; Waldren, Jackie (2021). Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN9781000324143 . Retrieved 12 March 2022. The Canary Islands are politically part of Spain, merely geographically part of Africa, existence islands of volcanic origin situated around i hundred miles off the coast of North-Due west Africa.
40. ^ Birmingham, David (1995). The Decolonization Of Africa. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. ISBN9781135363673 . Retrieved 12 March 2022. The offshore Canary Islands, although historically and geographically part of Africa, remained culturally, economically and politically part of Espana.
41. ^ "Socotra". Britannica.com. six May 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
42. ^ Evans, Mike. "Islands east of the Horn of Africa and s of Yemen". WorldWildlife.org . Retrieved v February 2019.
43. ^ "2016 Census: Christmas Island" (PDF). Department of Infrastructure and Regional Evolution. Australian Regime. Archived (PDF) from the original on eleven January 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
44. ^ Egan, Colleen (eleven December 1999). "Bad tidings on Christmas". The Weekend Australian. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
45. ^ "Prehistoric Marine Resources Use in the Indo-Pacific Regions - ANU". Press-files.anu.edu.au. 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2022-01-eighteen .
46. ^ Thomson, Lex; Doran, John; Clarke, Bronwyn (2018). Copse for life in Oceania: Conservation and utilisation of genetic variety (PDF). Canberra, Australia: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. p. 16. Retrieved 24 Jan 2022. In a number of cases, human exploitation of certain high-value tree species, including sandalwoods and other highly prized timbers, has led to their extinction—such every bit the sandalwood species Santalum fernandezianum, in Juan Fernández Islands; and others to the brink of extinction, such South. boninensis in Ogasawara Islands, Japan; or is an ongoing threatening factor in the examples of S. yasi in Fiji and Tonga, Gyrinops spp. in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Intsia bijuga throughout the Pacific Islands.
47. ^ "小笠原諸島の歴史". www.iwojima.jp.
48. ^ Ernst, Manfred; Anisi, Anna (1 Feb 2016). "The Historical Development of Christianity in Oceania". Sanneh/Wiley: 588–604 – via world wide web.academia.edu.
49. ^ "The Australian Continent". www.virtualoceania.internet.
50. ^ Parley, Peter (1866). Tales about Europe, Asia, Africa, America, & Oceania. Oxford University. p. 2. Retrieved 12 March 2022. Oceania consists of Australasia, Polynesia and Malaysia. Australasia means South asia. Information technology comprises New The netherlands or Australia, Van Diemen's Land or Tasmania, Papua or New Republic of guinea, Norfolk Island, New Zealand and some smaller islands. Polynesia is the term given to the various islands in the Pacific Ocean, which, as you lot may see on the map, are situated to the eastward of Australia, including the Philippine Islands. Malaysia is the proper name given to the islands of the Malay Archipelago, which are principally inhabited by the Malay race, comprising Borneo, the Lord's day Isles, Celebes, Moluccas [...]
51. ^ Brownish, Robert (1876). "Oceania: Full general Characteristics". The countries of the world. Oxford University. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
52. ^ Cornell, Sophia South. (1859). Cornell's First Steps in Geography. The University of Michigan. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
53. ^ Chambers's New Handy Book American Encyclopædia: Volume ix. The University of Virginia. 1885. p. 657. Retrieved 13 March 2022. the whole region has sometimes been called Oceania, and sometimes Australasia—by and large, notwithstanding, in modern times, to the exclusion of the islands in the Indian archipelago, to which certain writers have given the proper noun of Malaysia [...] we have the 3 geographical divisions of Malaysia, Australasia and Polynesia, the last mentioned of which embraces all the groups and unmarried islands non included under the other two. Accepting this arrangement, all the same the limits between Australasia and Polynesia have not been very accurately defined; indeed, scarcely any ii geographers appear to be quite agreed upon the bailiwick; neither shall nosotros pretend to decide in the thing. The following listing, however, comprises all the principal groups and single island not previously named as coming nether the division of Australasia: i. North of the equator—The Ladrone or Marian islands. the Pelew islands, the Caroline islands, the Radack and Ralick chains, the Sandwich islands, Gilbert's or Kingstnill's archipelago. and the Galapagos. two. Southward of the equator—The Ellice group, the Phoenix and Union groups. the Republic of the fiji islands islands, the Friendly islands, the Navigator'southward islands. Cook'south or Harvey islands, the Society islands. the Dangerous archipelago, the Marquesas islands, Pitcairn island, and Easter island.
54. ^ Henderson, John William (1971). Area Handbook for Oceania. U.S. Government Printing Part. p. 5. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
55. ^ "Papua New Guinea asks RP support for Association of southeast asian nations membership bid". GMA News. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
56. ^ "The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) | Coopération Régionale et Relations Extérieures de la Nouvelle-Calédonie". Cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc. Retrieved 2022-03-02 .
57. ^ "South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands". Central Intelligence Agency. March iii, 2022 – via CIA.gov.
58. ^ W, Jacqueline (2002). South America, Cardinal America and the Caribbean. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN9781857431384 . Retrieved 12 March 2022.
59. ^ Whitley, David (14 Jan 2015). "Advance Australia far: Our most remote outposts". Traveller.
60. ^ "Did you know that 7 countries have claims in Antarctica?". Norwegian Polar Plant. Retrieved 30 Baronial 2020.

External links

• Transcontinental states according to World Gazetteer at annal.today (archived 2012-12-xviii)

nelsonficket.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries

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